Yes, it is possible to reduce and sometimes eliminate under-eye circles through consistent skincare routines, lifestyle changes like getting adequate sleep and staying hydrated, and using targeted treatments to address specific causes such as allergies or pigmentation
For ligament work, the canonical reference is Cerovecki and colleagues 2010 study of medial collateral ligament transection in rats, in which intraperitoneal, oral (drinking water), and topical BPC-157 administration each produced consistent improvements in functional, biomechanical, macroscopic, and histological healing endpoints over a 90-day window (Cerovecki et al., 2010)
Furthermore, different methods of administrationoral, intraperitoneal and topicalcan be compared in order to establish a systemic effect
Furthermore, studies have examined these effects in fibroblast and keratinocyte cultures, endothelial and neuronal systems, and preclinical animal models related to wound repair and tissue response
For adults and teens over 14, the recommended intake is 2.4 micrograms per day